Midterm Exam Questions
PSY 277
Fall 2018
The following questions are representative of Chapters 5-8. Remember to
cite the text in the body of your response (per APA), and use quotes and
introductory phrasing to set up your quotes. You will also cite the outside
sources, for question 1, concerning a topic that really has been around for
decades.
Note: After you cite the author(s) once, use (p. 234) there after –
there is no need for redundancy in writing. (e.g. citing authors, date of
publication, and page over-and-over again). Research on question 1 will reflect the
interviewer by name, and page to the interview.
11.
Sexual Fluidity is a concept most used in
relation to Miley Cyrus, along with the concept of “pansexual” that was used in
an interview (2015). Read the interview she gave to Paper magazine and elaborate on her comments. (Little discovery
learning here). Ms. Cyrus seems to have embraced her sexuality, and how she is
defined. The question arises, “Have you embraced your sexuality, or are you
still exploring your sexual orientation? (Research these two concepts, sexual
fluidity and pansexual to formulate your answer. (8 points).
Miley Cyrus stated in her interview with Paper Magazine, “I don't
relate to being boy or girl, and I don't have to have my partner relate to boy
or girl.” (Petrusich, 2015, page 6) I
can agree with this statement. While my
identity is more stable as female than fluid, my sexuality, like Miley’s, is,
“I’m down with any adult – anyone over the age of 18 who is down to love me.” I
don’t consider myself pansexual; I consider myself to be openly bisexual and I
shy away from the term “pansexual” because I face enough stigma as an openly
bisexual woman. Though I probably am
more pansexual than bisexual, as I have met trans people that I find sexually attractive,
but I have never pursued it beyond finding them sexually attractive. In most respects, I probably am
Pansexual. However, there is enough of a
stigma in the LGBTQ+ community for bisexuals, and being a vocal advocate, I prefer
to stand with the Bisexual flag because it’s so heavily disregarded in both the
gay world and the straight world.
Like Miley, I came out to my family when I was 14. (p. 6) It was never
an issue in my family. I liked boys and
I liked girls, and that was totally normal for my family. As I got older, I started to realize that I
tended to like girls more than boys when it came to sex, but I preferred
relationships with men far more than women (this is called “heteroromantic”). I also very strongly identify as female,
lacking the gender fluidity of Ms. Cyrus.
I feel that how one dresses or presents is an individual choice, and one
that every person has a right to decide for themselves. I wear jeans.
I swear like a sailor. I tend to
have masculine behaviors and dressing styles at times (though I’m from the
Pacific Northwest, home to hoodies and gender neutral clothing). But I am also very female and very strong in
my identity as a woman. I have friends
who are nonbinary and I love them dearly.
Their struggles are very real and very challenging. Because of my love for them and my compassion
for their struggle in the world, I could never claim to be nonbinary (which is
really just another name for Gender Fluidity).
I am a loud and proud bisexual woman.
22.
In Seidman, it is Foucault who advocates “a
politics against sexuality – against sexualizing selves, identities, and acts
(Seidman, 2015, p. 34). Moreover, he goes on to say the “if society did not
assign a moral meaning (moral or abnormal), to adult, consensual sexual desires
and behaviors, individuals would be subject to considerably less social
regulation” (p. 34). Using the examples given in the text and your own views of
the political forces that act on our sexual conduct, at least for some, however,
the past history of some in the news, and those political figures, who have a
less than stellar account of their sexual history, reflects on either a failure
of human decency, or that the female body (an object) is nothing more than
something for certain men to possess, either by using their power to who they
are in the context of being privileged.
Thus, (1) do you agree with Foucault’s
analysis? And (2) If Judge Kavanaugh is voted on and wins a majority of votes
for SCOTUS, what does this say about past behavior and should he be
accountable, and denied his place on the highest court of our country? Use your
own experience, observations, or views on the subject, to Seidman’s reference
to Foucault, to answer question 2, and the text and Seidman, to answer question
1. (8 points)
Foucault’s assumption that “if society did not assign a moral meaning
(moral or abnormal), to adult, consensual sexual desires and behaviors,
individuals would be subject to considerably less social regulation” (Seidman,
2015, p. 34) is completely correct in my own personal view. The sheer fact that we have to legitimize
consensual sexual relations with legislation aimed at protecting rights of the
non-heterosexual population should further this idea. Society as we know it has been puritan and
heteronormative for so long that we now have to legislate what should be common
sense. Let consenting adults do what
they want.
As of this writing, Kavanaugh has been confirmed as a justice for
SCOTUS. For me, this only serves to
prove that if you are a white, heterosexual man, you can basically do anything
you want to anyone of a lesser privileged class (be that female, people of
color, non-heterosexual or nonbinary) without it affecting your life in a
meaningful way at all. Kavanaugh wailed
about how the accusations of Dr. Blasey Ford had completely damaged his life,
yet there were absolutely no consequences for his actions. He faced no jury, there was no trial, the
grand jury (who “would indict a ham sandwich”) passed down no indictment, and
the scope of the FBI investigations was so limited that he was protected from
the multiple accusations. I genuinely
believe he doesn’t remember assaulting Dr. Blasey Ford. But that doesn’t excuse him from being an
assailant. As a victim myself, with an
assailant who admitted fault, I have seen that there is no justice when you are
assaulted by a white heterosexual man in America. We’re all out to “damage that good boy’s
reputation” (as my mother said when I told her that I was raped) and none of us
are ever taken seriously when we are assaulted by a white, heterosexual man. All that matters is that HE is okay. Not that his victims are okay. It’s disgusting.
33.
Identify the three stereotypes attributed to
females and males in our culture. Elaborate on each by identifying with anyone
of two stereotypes (or not) as a female/male. (5 points)
Women are seen as emotional and hormonal (i.e. Serena Williams), while
men in the same situation are seen as passionate and driven (John
McEnroe). Women in positions of power
are seen as frigid ice queens (Anna Wintour) while men in the same position are
focused, strong leaders (Donald Trump).
Women are seen as weak and illogical, while men are seen as strong and
logical.
44.
Which of the following perspectives on sex
typing focuses on the importance of social experience and observational
learning? (5 points)
One of the main types of sex typing is that
women are more maternal (thus being better homemakers) and men are more suited
for the office. Children learn this from an early age when boys prefer to play
with trucks and girls prefer to play with baby dolls. Female children are
encouraged to take care of baby dolls while boys who express interest in dolls
are shunned as not being male enough.
They are constantly told that homemaking and child rearing are “women’s work”
while girls are generally discouraged from the traditionally male STEM fields.
Girls are reared learning how to care for younger siblings and do chores, while
boys are expected to be more rough and tumble than girls. There is some evidence in Evolutionary
Psychology that this is the natural order of things. (Rathus, Nevid, &
Fichner-Rathus, 2014, p. 129) However, these are gender roles that society
further encourages in children. (p. 132)
Multiple Choice
and Other Type of Questions:
5. The
term that describes the direction of one’s romantic interests and erotic
attractions is __________.
A) homosexual
B) heterosexual
C) sexual
orientation
D) sexual
behavior
6. A
Gallup Poll in 2012 found which age group most likely to identify themselves as
homosexual?
A) 18–29 year olds
B) 30–49
year olds
C) 50–64
year olds
D) 65 year
olds and older
7. Which
of the following statements is true?
A)
Bisexuality is a “cover” for gay males or lesbians.
B) Many
bisexuals have a stronger attraction to people of one sex than another.
C)
Bisexuals are equally attracted to people of both sexes.
D) None of
the above statements are true.
8. Which
of the following early societies was the most tolerant of male–male sexual
behaviors?
A) Early
Christians after the fall of Rome
B)
Florence during the Renaissance
C) Ancient Greece
D) All of
the above were highly intolerant of male–male sexual behaviors.
9. Homosexuality
in __________
culture is seen as a rejection of traditional cultural roles and a threat to
the continuity of the family line.
A) African
American
B) Latino and Latina American
C) Asian
American
D) Native
American
10. Researchers
have found evidence linking a region on __________ to a gay male sexual orientation.
A) the X sex chromosome
B) the Y
sex chromosome
C) both
the X and Y sex chromosomes
D) neither
the X nor Y sex chromosomes
11. Research
from Sweden reports evidence that gender identity and sexual orientation can
develop __________.
A) prior to
conception.
B) during the intrauterine period.
C) during
the birth process.
D) during
the first two years of life.
12. In
which year did the Supreme Court of the United States rule that people of the
same sex have a constitutional right to get married?
A) 1986
B) 1992
C) 2001
D) 2015
13. According
to the FBI, how many hate crimes in the United States are directed against gay
males and lesbians?
A) one in every five
B) one out
of every two
C) one out
of every ten
D) one out
of every seven
14. Researchers by and large found a __________
gap between initial attraction to members of one’s own gender and disclosure of
one’s orientation to other people, which usually occurred at about age 18.
A) 6-year
B) 8-year
C) 10-year
D) 12-year
15. Which
of the following statements about Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is true?
A) DOMA
was signed into law by Barack Obama.
B) DOMA
passed in the House of Representatives but, failed in the Senate.
C) DOMA
prevented states from legalizing same sex marriage.
D) DOMA denied federal marriage
benefits to same-sex couples.
16. T/F. Most gay men have a gender identity
that is inconsistent with their anatomic sex.
17. T/F. Women’s sexual orientations are
more flexible than males.
18. Explain
what DOMA is. What are some of the legal rulings that DOMA has gone through? (5 points)
DOMA was
an act passed by Congress and signed by President Clinton that amended the
federal judicial code to deny federal benefits to gay couples, as the act
defined marriage as “between one man and one woman as husband and wife.”
(GovTrack, 2018) Since 1996, it has gone through several changes and
challenges. In 2013, United States v. Windsor struck down
section 3 of the Act, declaring DOMA to be unconstitutional under the Due
Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
(2018)
19. Swelling
of the genital tissues with blood, which causes erection of the penis and
engorgement of the area surrounding the vaginal opening is called __________.
A)
congestion.
B) vasocongestion.
C) sex flush.
D)
myotonia.
20. The
phase of the sexual response during which the body gradually returns to its
prearoused state.
A)
excitement phase
B) plateau
phase
C)
orgasmic phase
D) resolution phase
21. Which
of the following statements is true regarding Master and Johnson and Kaplan’s
view on sexual response?
A) Master
and Johnson treat the phases as relatively independent components of sexual
response.
B) Master
and Johnson view the sequence of the phases to be somewhat variable.
C) Kaplan
views sexual response as composed of successive stages; the order is crucial
and invariant.
D) Kaplan treats the phases as
relatively independent components of sexual response.
22. The
practice of withdrawing the penis prior to ejaculation during sexual
intercourse is called __________.
A) fellatio.
B) coitus interruptus.
C)
escaping.
D) the
retreat method.
23. In the
Book of Genesis, Onan “sinned”
because he did not follow the Biblical law requiring a younger brother to __________.
A) marry his brother’s widow and
father children if the elder brother died without an heir.
B) raise
the elder brother's children if he died.
C)
financially support his elder brother’s wife and children if he died.
D) give
his first-born child to the widow of his elder brother to raise as his elder
brother’s son.
24. In the
19th century, graham crackers and corn flakes were advocated as __________.
A) foods
to improve circulation.
B)
measures to prevent colon cancer.
C) anti-masturbation foods.
D) sexual
stimulants.
25. According
to several studies, women who had masturbated in adolescence were more likely
as adults to __________.
A) have
difficulty achieving orgasm with a partner.
B) be
sexually promiscuous.
C) find marital intercourse
gratifying.
D) replace
intercourse with masturbation in their marriages.
26. In
female masturbation, most women __________.
A) use
their fingers or objects to simulate a penis.
B) insert
a finger in the anus to heighten orgasmic sensations.
C) use a circular motion to massage
the glans of the clitoris until orgasm.
D) massage
the mons, labia minora, and clitoral region in circular or back-and-forth
motions.
27. Which
statement is true regarding sexual foreplay?
A) Women
around the world require at least some foreplay prior to engaging in
intercourse.
B) In the United States, women
desire longer periods of foreplay than men.
C) The
pattern and duration of foreplay is largely uniform across cultures.
D) Kissing
is an important part of sexual foreplay in all cultures.
28. T/F. Masters and Johnson’s sexual
response model can only occur during intercourse, not masturbation.
29. T/F. By Master and Johnson’s
definition, men are not capable of achieving multiple orgasms because they
enter a refractory period following ejaculation.
30. T/F. The hypothalamus and
adrenal glands regulate gonadal secretion of sex hormones, specifically
testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females.
31. List
the four phases of the Master’s and Johnson’s sexual response cycle. (5 points)
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasmic
Resolution
32.
According to the text, a major component in people’s ratings of attraction is__________.
A)
intelligence.
B) physical appearance.
C)
personality.
D) family
background.
33. Which
of the following statements is accurate regarding how female weight is viewed?
A) Slender figures are as
attractive by females and males.
B) Most
societies value plump women.
C) Wide
hips were not found appealing in any culture.
D) In our
culture, anorexic thinness is the ideal.
34.
Cross-culturally, men tend to place greater emphasis on __________ in their preferences for a mate,
and women tend to place greater emphasis on __________ in
their preferences for a mate.
A) earning
capacity; intelligence
B)
physical attractiveness; youth
C) youth;
physical attractiveness
D) youth; earning capacity
35. In
addition to physical features, men’s and women’s ratings of each other’s
attractiveness appears to depend on __________.
A)
personality.
B)
honesty.
C) gender-role expectations.
D)
dominance.
36. Almost universally, women prefer __________.
A) younger
men.
B) muscular men.
C) older
men.
D) men
with large penises.
37. In
terms of mate selection, the attraction-similarity hypothesis proposes that
people tend to develop romantic relationships with people who are similar in __________.
A)
physical attractiveness.
B)
cultural background.
C)
interests.
D) All of the above
38.
According to the text, the preferred age differences between marriage partners
is when __________.
A)
husbands are 5–10 years older than wives.
B) husbands are 2–5 years older
than wives.
C)
husbands are the same age as wives.
D) wives
are 1–2 years older than husbands.
39. Your
instructor suggests that many students in the class will find their mates in
their classrooms, dorms, or neighborhoods. Your instructor’s observation is
referring to research findings for __________.
A) the
validation hypothesis.
B) the
neighborhood hypothesis.
C) the
association hypothesis.
D) propinquity, or proximity.
40. The
type of love that binds friends, parents, and children through attachment or
deep friendship is called __________.
A) agape.
B) storge.
C) philia.
D) eros.
41.
According to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory, which type of love is a
relationship in which the components of love are absent?
A) Nonlove
B) Liking
C) Empty
love
D) Fatuous
love
42. According
to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory, which type of love is a relationship the
combination of passion and intimacy but, not commitment?
A)
Infatuation
B) Empty
love
C) Romantic love
D) Fatuous
love
43. T/F. Studies found that men rated
lighter areolae as being more attractive in women with larger breasts, but
preferred dark pigmented areolae in women with smaller breasts.
44. T/F. Highly feminine women are
more likely to be attracted to dominant, “macho” men.
Answer: True
45. T/F. Cross-culturally, women have
more romantic ideals of what is attractive in a mate than do men.
46. A
non-committed “casual” sexual relationship in which a couple also does
nonsexual things together is called __________.
A) friends with benefits
B) a
hookup
C) a booty
call
D) serious
romantic relationship
47. A
relationship characterized only by repeated sexual episodes without commitment
of deep emotional feeling is called __________.
A) friends
with benefits
B) a
hookup
C) a booty call
D) serious
romantic relationship
48. Which
of the following best describes the relationship between sexual intimacy and
emotional intimacy in a relationship?
A) Although they can go together, a
couple can have one and not the other.
B)
Emotional intimacy only develops after sexual intimacy.
C) Sexual
intimacy usually develops after emotional intimacy.
D) Sexual
and emotional intimacy are two aspects of one process and usually go together.
49. Which
of the following statements accurately describes what level of disclosure is
necessary for intimacy in an ongoing relationship?
A) In
order to build intimacy, both partners need to be able to disclose fully to
each other (i.e., to be “open books” for the partner to read).
B) It is
important for women to disclose fully and completely to a partner, but intimacy
does not suffer if men hold back and simply listen.
C)
Disclosure is not necessary for intimacy to develop.
D) It is important to share
honestly for intimacy to intensify, but it is not necessary to disclose all thoughts
and feelings.
50. In
healthy committed relationships, __________.
A) couples
spend the majority of their time together.
B) all
decisions are joint decisions.
C) friends
of each individual become friends of the “couple.”
D) each partner maintains his/her
individual interests and needs.
51. Which
of the following can contribute to the deterioration of a relationship?
A) Boredom
B)
Bickering
C)
Jealousy
D) All of the above
52.
Jealousy leads to feelings of __________.
A)
security.
B)
satifaction
C) anxiety.
D)
happiness
53.
Researchers have found gender differences in jealousy. Males seem to be most
upset by __________, whereas females seem to be more
upset by __________.
A) sexual
infidelity; time spent away from home and family
B)
emotional infidelity; sexual infidelity
C) sexual infidelity; emotional
infidelity
D)
psychological infidelity; emotional infidelity
54. Which
of the following is not noted to be a
cause of loneliness?
A) Lack of
social skills
B) An internal locus of control
C) Lack of
empathy
D) General
pessimism
55. Which
of the following statements is most accurate in describing the relationship
between
communication
and satisfaction between partners?
A) Love is
all you need.
B) Too
much communication can damage the mystery that fuels love.
C) Better communication helps
enhance relationships.
D)
Communication is not as important as passion.
56. Which
statement represents a common irrational belief about relationships and sex?
A) Men naturally know what to do to
please their partners sexually.
B) Even in
intimate relationships, partners need to discuss what pleases them.
C) Women
may hesitate to let partners know what their sexual needs are.
D) Couples
know that they cannot read each other’s minds.
57. Which
statement best represents the communication skill of asking for or giving
permission to talk?
A) “You
can tell me anything you want, but it annoys me when you don’t come to bed when
I do.”
B) “I’ve
always found it rather awkward to talk about sex.”
C) “How
come you never say anything when we’re making love?”
D) “I know you don’t want to hurt
my feelings, but I’m wondering if I’m doing anything that you would prefer I
not do.”
58. A
loving couple is attempting to be more effective in their communication with
one another when a problem arises. Which of the following will improve that
ability?
A) Talk
nonstop until the problem is resolved
B) Focus only on the problem
C)
Determine who is at fault and make them acknowledge their guilt
D) Not
talk about what makes them uncomfortable
59. T/F. People cannot have intimate
relationships without being sexually intimate.
60. T/F. Obsessional jealousy consumes a
person with fear of interference in the relationship.
61. T/F. An external locus of control
implies that people do not see themselves as capable of taking their lives into
their own hands and achieving goals.
62. Discuss
how one’s self-esteem may impact his/her ability to form intimate
relationships. (3 points)
Often,
people with low self esteem sabotage good relationships because of an external
locus of control. Rather than admit they
are struggling with empathy, social skills, cynicism, and more, they blame
everything outside of the relationship for destroying the relationship rather
than own their own issues. They can be
jealous. They may demand too much
upfront. But unless they own their
garbage, they will be forever stuck in an endless loop of unfulfilling
relationships.
63. List
five of the causes of loneliness offered by the text authors. (5 points)
Lack of social skills
Lack of empathy
Failure to disclose personal information to potential
friends
General pessimism
An external locus of control
References
Rathus, S. A., Nevid, J. S., Fichner-Rathus, L. (2018).
Human Sexuality in a Changing World.
(Tenth Edition).
New York, NY: Pearson North America.
GovTrack.us. (2018). H.R. 3396 — 104th Congress: Defense of
Marriage Act. Retrieved from
Seidman, S. (2015). The Social Construction of Sexuality.
(Third Edition). New York, NY: W.
W. Norton &
Company.
Petrusich, A. (2015). “Free to be Miley.” Paper Magazine. Retrieved
from
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Grade: 87/100
Professor Comments: You should have had 6 more points but you didn't cite the source of the short essays per instructions at the top of the page. Instead of giving the class a zero for plagiarizing - I deducted only 2 points. Next time I will post the zero to the essays not cited per APA and the college's position on plagiarism.
